Nomenclature of Compounds Containing Single Functional Group
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Software Engineer at PadandasNomenclature of Compounds Containing Single Functional Group
1) Alcohol
The hydroxyl derivatives of alkanes are known as alcohols.
General formula - (CnH2n+1.OH) or R-OH
Word root - alk
Primary suffix and the secondary suffix - ol (Count the number of carbon atoms and give its parent name- 'e' of the parent name is substituted by 'ol').
IUPAC name - alkane (-e) + ol = alkanol
| Molecular formula | Common name (alkyl alcohol) | IUPAC name |
|
CH3-OH C2H5-OH CH3-CH2-CH2-OH |
Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol n-propyl alcohol |
Methanol Ethanol Propan- 1- ol |
2) Haloalkanes
Halogen derivatives of alkane are known as haloalkane.
General Formula - CnH2n+1.X or R-X (X= Cl, Br, I)
Word root - alk
Prefix - halo
Suffix - ane
IUPAC name - haloalkane
| Molecular Formula | Common name (alkyl halide) | IUPAC name |
| CH3 - Cl | Methyl chloride | Chloromethane |
| CH3-CH2-Br | Ethyl bromide | Bromoethane |
| CH3-CH2-CH2-I | Propyl iodide |
Iodopropane
|
3) Alkyl cyanide
General Formula - R- C≡ N or R-CN (R = CnH2n+1)
Common name - Alkyl cyanide
IUPAC name - alkane + nitrile = alkane nitrile
| Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
| CH3-CN | Methyl cyanide | Ethanenitrile |
| CH3-CH2-CN | Ethyl cyanide | Propane nitrile |
| CH3-CH2-CH2-CN | Propyl cyanide | Butane nitrile |
| CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CN | Butyl cyanide | Pentane nitrile |
4) Alkyl isocyanide -
General formula -R-NC
Common name- Alkyl isocyanide
IUPAC name -alkyl + carbylamines
| Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
|
CH3-NC |
Methyl isocyanide | Methyl carbylamine |
|
C2H5- NC |
Ethyl isocyanide | Ethyl carbylamine |
|
CH3 -CH2- CH2- NC |
Proyl isocyanide | Propyl carbylamine |
5) Amines -
- 1º amine
General formula -R-NH2
Common name -Alkyl + amine
IUPAC name - Alkanamine or Amino alkane
| Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
| CH3-NH2 | Methylamine | Methanamine or aminomethane |
| CH3-CH2-NH2 | Ethylanime | Ethanamine or amino ethane |
| CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 | Propylamine | Propanamine or amino propane |
- 2º amine
IUPAC name -If two alkyl groups are present in the amine group, one N is written for one alkyl group + amino group + parent name of second alkyl group,
Molecular formula Common name IUPAC name CH3-NH-CH3 Dimethylamine N-methyl aminomethane CH3-NH-CH2-CH3 Ethylmethylanime N- methyl aminoethane
- 3ºamine IUPAC name -If three alkyl groups are present in the amine group, then two N, N is written for two alkyl group, amino group + parent name of the third alkyl group.
6) Nitro group -
General formula -R-NO2
Common and IUPAC name -nitro + alkane = nitroalkane
| Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
| CH3-NO2 | Nitromethane | nitromethane |
| CH3-CH2-NO2 | Nitroethane | nitroethane |
7) Ethers -
General formula -
- R - O - R (simple ether)
- R - O - R' (mixed ether)
Common name -
- dialkyl ether (Simple ether)
- alphabetically (Mixed ether)
IUPAC name -
- alk + oxy + alkane (Simple ether)
- lower alk + oxy + higher alkane (Mixed ether)
| Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
| CH3-O-CH3 | Dimethyl ether | methoxymethane |
| C2H5-O-C2H5 | Diethyl ehter | ethoxyethane |
| C2H5-O-CH3 | Ethyl methyl ether | methoxyethane |
| CH3-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 | 1,2- dimethoxyethane |
1,2 -dimethoxyethane
|